Prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in cattle of Butaleja district

Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a highly contagious disease that affects cattle populations worldwide and can also infect other wildlife species. However, the prevalence and factors contributing to its spread are not well understood in Butaleja district. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of bTB in cattle in Butaleja district, Uganda. A cross-sectional research design was used, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study was conducted between August and September 2024 across 12 lower local governments in Butaleja district. A total of 180 samples (lung and superficial lymph node tissues) were collected from cattle suspected of having bTB. The samples underwent histopathological examination, and 20 samples showing TB-like lesions were tested using the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain test. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to 96 farmers and traders to gather data on socio-demographics, risk factors, and awareness of bTB. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of bTB at slaughter slabs and identify associated risk factors. The results indicated that 6 out of 180 cattle (3.33%) tested positive for mycobacterium infection. Prevalence varied by age group, with the highest rate (66.67%) observed in cattle aged 2-3 years, and lower rates (16.67%) in those aged 1-2 years and over 5 years. All positive cases were found in male cattle (100%), and only in local breeds (100%), with no disease detected in crossbreeds. Univariate analysis identified several significant risk factors: the wet season (44.44%), direct contact with infected animals (66.66%), intensive farming systems (55.56%), inadequate isolation of infected animals (44.44%), and exposure to respiratory secretions (44.44%). In conclusion, the study found a 3.33% mycobacterium infection positivity rate in the sample population, with variations in prevalence by age, sex, and breed. Key risk factors included direct contact with infected animals, respiratory secretions, seasonal conditions, and inadequate quarantine measures. The study recommends establishing a national bTB control program, including a surveillance plan with standardized methods and evidence-based interventions tailored for Butaleja and other districts.