Design and fabrication of a solar-powered water filtration system for rural areas

Abstract

Clean water access remains a critical challenge in rural areas such as Uganda’s Amudat District, where residents face high incidences of waterborne diseases due to reliance on contaminated sources. This study focused on the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a solar-powered water filtration system tailored for such communities. The system integrates renewable energy with multi-stage filtration and ultraviolet disinfection to purify water. Laboratory tests demonstrated the system's effectiveness in reducing turbidity from over 8 NTU to below 2 NTU, removing over 85% of total suspended solids (TSS), and achieving complete elimination of total coliforms and E. coli, thus meeting NWSC standards. Electrical conductivity levels slightly improved, and pH remained within the safe range. The system was powered by a 240W solar panel and a 160 W submersible pump, ensuring off-grid functionality with minimal friction losses in 1-inch HDPE pipes. A cost-benefit analysis showed a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 5.19, affirming the system’s economic viability. While intermittent sunlight posed operational challenges, integrating a battery backup is recommended. The solution offers an affordable, eco-friendly, and scalable option for delivering safe water in off-grid rural settings.